
Romeo and Juliet
(1968) is Florentine vice-president
Franco Zeffirelli's beautiful modern interpretation of Shakespeare's enduring,
classic even so tragic love summary of "star-crossed lovers." Filmed on getting one’s hands
in Italy, it was the most commercially successful Shakespeare film and its
most entertaining, refreshing and natural concept - a passionate celebration
of young love.
The fade away won four Academy Furnish nominations for Best Represent,
Director, Cinematography (Pasqualino De Santis), and Costume Arrangement (Danilo
Donati), bewitching two Oscars - Largest Cinematography and Costume Design. Nino
Rota's evocative musical score, including a space ballad "What is a Youth"
(with lyrics by Eugene Walter) was un-nominated.
The earlier 1936 MGM, George Cukor-directed version of the film, starring
Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer, or the 1954 British-Italian version (with
Laurence Harvey and Susan Shentall as the lovers) cast much older, more mature
lovers in the starring roles. The story was refashioned in director Robert
Wise's and Jerome Robbins'
West Side Story (1961)
as a tragic tale of conflict between two warring rival NYC gangs, with Richard
Beymer and Natalie Wood. It was recently remodeled with a radical, MTV-style
and rock soundtrack in Baz Luhrmann's unconventional
William Shakespeare's
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
, starring Leonard DiCaprio and Claire Danes as the
young lovers in a late 20th century setting.
With brilliant forethought, Zeffirelli gambled by filling the two starring
lead roles with two young unknown and fresh-faced teenage actors: 16-year
old Olivia Hussey as the stunningly beautiful, dark-haired Juliet (just a
few years older than Shakespeare's Juliet - a "fortnight and odd days" from
14), and 17-year old, slender and blue-eyed Leonard Whiting as Romeo. It retained
the exciting feuding scenes between hot-headed members of the opposing families,
the ineffectual but well-intentioned Friar Laurence, Juliet's bawdy Nurse,
and the double-suicide of the youths. Laurence Olivier served as the uncredited
off-screen narrator.
Although much of Shakespeare's dialogue was cut for the film (including much
of Juliet's potion speech in Act IV, Scene 3, and the death of Paris in Act
V, Scene 3), it appealed to the youthful, counter-cultural generation of the
late 60s with its realism, the passion of the lovers, the brief nudity of
the couple on their wedding night (morning), and its contemporary feel. The
film's reinterpreted modern message, coupled with youthful, idealistic, yet
strong-willed and rebellious heroes heralding dreams of peace, love, and freedom,
have made the two lead characters representative, anti-establishment icons.
The opening prologue sets the scene, outlines the action of the fake and the continuing, bloody feud which has broken prohibited between two distinguished families in Regeneration Verona, the grievous presentiment that "superstar-crossed lovers" [Romeo - son of the Montague family, and Juliet - daughter of the Capulet family] will pop one’s clogs by the tragedy's wind up, and the placation of the two bitter, warring families.
Prologue:
Two households both in the same manner in dignity,
In satisfactory Verona where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge fragment to new disobey.
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the essential loins of these two foes,
A unite of star-crossed lovers take their life;
Whose misadventured piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents' contention.
Act I, Scene 1:
In the city of Verona, Gregory (Richard Warwick) and Sampson (Dyson Lovell), two House of Capulet servants with red, yellow and white costumes, walk in the marketplace - armed. There, they see Abraham (Ugo Barbone), servant to the senior Montague, and Balthazar (Keith Skinner), servant to Romeo Montague. As the Montague servants pass, Sampson bites his thumb, and spits. After a short period of jokes, deliberate antagonist talk and ribald humor, the Capulet servants spoil for and provoke a fight. The two sides begin to scuffle with drawn swords. Shouts and cries of "Capulet!" are heard as they fight. Benvolio (Bruce Robinson), nephew to Montague and friend to Romeo, enters and tries to stop the fight: "Put up your swords. You know not what you do. The Prince hath expressly forbid this bandying in Verona streets." An impetuous, rash, and furious Tybalt (Michael York), Lady Capulet's fiery nephew, arrives with his kinsmen, ready to brawl with Benvolio whose sword is unsheathed: "What, drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee." Tybalt lunges at Benvolio, slashing his eye, and the feud is fueled again. Other Capulets and Montagues are summoned to the fighting by the ringing of church bells.
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The arrival of the governor or Prince of Verona (Robert Stephens) and his men is signalled by a fanfare of trumpets. He scolds both families for disturbing the peace of the town three times. The penalty for further fights and violations of the peace shall be death:
Insurrectionary subjects, enemies to peacefulness, discombobulate a discard your mistempered weapons to the ground…And condone the verdict of your moved Prince. Three civil brawls bred of an airy declaration, by thee old Capulet, and Montague have thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. For this time all the kip depart away. You, Capulet, shall go along with me. And Montague, come you this afternoon. Once more, on pain of liquidation, all men depart.
As the crowd disperses in the aftermath of the brawl, Lady Montague (Esmeralda Ruspoli) bandages the hand of one of her kinsmen. She asks for information about the whereabouts of her son Romeo, whom she has not seen. Benvolio describes how he saw Lady Montague's sad, love-sick son walking before dawn by himself underneath the grove of sycamore. [In the early part of the film, his unrequited love for Rosaline is not made obvious.] After a solitary Romeo (Leonard Whiting) appears, he notices wounded men being carried about:
God's me, what fray was here? Yet tumulus me not for the purpose I make heard it all. Here's much to do with hate and more with love.
Act I, Scene 2:
The Capulet hall is being prepared for festivities, as Lord Capulet (Paul Hardwick) returns from speaking to the Prince about the recently imposed sanctions on his family for feuding: "…but Montague is bound as well as I, in penalty alike, and 'tis not hard, I think, for men as old as we to keep the peace." Count Paris (Roberto Bisacco) agrees with him that it should be easy to uphold the peace, but is more interested in his own "suit" - his desire to wed Juliet, Capulet's almost 14 year old daughter whom he is courting. Juliet's doting, indulgent father maintains that she is still too young to marry, and Paris is urged to wait two more years until she will be "ripe to be a bride":
But saying o'er what I deliver said on the eve of, My child is yet a stranger in the world. She hath not seen the vacillate turn into of fourteen years. Suffer to two more summers wither in their pride, 'ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.
Although Paris argues: "Younger than she, are happy mothers made." Capulet suggests that if Paris can win Juliet's consent and heart, Capulet will not oppose their marriage: "The earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she. She is the hopeful lady of my earth. But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, my will to her consent is but a part." Paris is invited to a party ("an old accustomed feast") to be held that evening.
Act I, Scene 3:
In Lady Capulet's (Natasha Parry) chamber, she asks for her talkative, vigorous, and grossly humorous old Nurse (Pat Heywood) to call Juliet, her daughter. The Nurse swears by the purity she had when she was a twelve-year old that she has called Juliet, but the girl hasn't responded: "Now, by my maidenhead at twelve years old, I bade her come. Where is the girl, Juliet…Juliet! Where is the girl? Juliet!" The camera zooms in the courtyard to a window where Juliet (Olivia Hussey) obediently responds and is framed: "How now, who calls?" In her mother's presence, after a long reminiscence about how long she has known Juliet and the family, the Nurse wishes that she will live long enough to see Juliet marry: "God mark thee to His grace thou wast the prettiest babe that 'er I nurs'd. And I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish." Since that is the topic which Lady Capulet wishes to broach, she urges her shy, sweet, and innocent daughter to consider marrying potential husband Paris - who will be present at the evening's party:
Lady Capulet: How stands your disposition to be married?
Juliet: (humbled) It is an honor that I flight of fancy not of.
Nurse: An honor, were I not thyne only Nurse, I would put about that hadst sucked insight from thy teat.
Lady Capulet: Completely cooked, think of marriage minute, younger than you, here in Verona, ladies of esteem, are made already mothers. By my count I was your mommy much upon these years that you are now a maid.
Foster: Oh yes, I remember…
Lady Capulet: …thus then, in brief, the valiant Paris seeks you for his enjoyment…What say you? Can you love the gentleman?…Selected briefly, can you of a piece with of Paris' romance?
Juliet: I'll look to comparable to, if looking liking move. But no more deep on I endart mine eye, than your comply gives pluck to make it hightail it.
Act I, Scene 4:
A group of torchbearers and playful masked entertainers/gatecrashers, along with Romeo, Mercutio (John McEnery) (a relative of the Prince), and Benvolio, make their way toward Lord Capulet's party in disguise. Romeo asks what excuse (or "apology") they should give for their entrance, and Benvolio replies that they don't need one: "Let them measure us by what they will. We'll measure them a measure and be gone. Come, knock and enter, and no sooner in, but every man betake him to his legs." After Romeo mentions a sleeping dream that he had, Mercutio delivers his fanciful, imaginative Queen Mab speech about "the fairies' midwife," who knows about the waking and sleeping, troubling dreams of men. She is no bigger than a figure carved in an agate ring stone. And she is drawn by tiny creatures in a cart made from various parts - long spinners' legs, grasshopper wings, spider's webs, and watery beams of moonshine - they pull her across the bridges of sleeping men's noses. When she rides "through lovers' brains," they dream of love. Whomever she visits, they dream of their greatest desires. If she rides over ladies' lips, they dream of kisses. But she also can be angry and mischievious, causing soldiers to be startled awake in the midst of real battle - "sometimes she driveth o'er a soldier's neck and then dreams he of cutting foreign throats, of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades, drums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes; and being thus frighted, swears a prayer or two, and sleeps again." Queen Mab can put knots in horses' manes - a foreboding omen. "The hag" has also taught women to bear the weight of men - and children. When Romeo accuses Mercutio: "Thou talk'st of nothing," he assents that he feels a hollowness in his own brain:
Be realized, I talk of dreams; which are the children of an idle brain, begot of nothing but vain fantasy; which is as thin of core as the mood, and more inconstant than the wind who woos even instantly the frozen bosom of the north, and being angered puffs away from thence, turning his side to the dew-dropping south.
Revellers and Benvolio remind everyone that they will be late to the party. As he dons his mask and pauses before proceeding to the party, Romeo adds a premonition of real evil that he senses may occur, something that may end in his "untimely death," (a reference to the future meeting with Juliet at the party, their 'star-crossed love,' and their subsequent deaths):
I respect, too early, in favour of my mind misgives some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, shall bitterly begin his fearful date with this night's revels, and expire the term of a despised life closed in my teat, by some vile forfeit of untimely downfall. But He that hath the steerage of my course direct my waft.
Act I, Scene 5:
As a jovial host, Lord Capulet meets and welcomes the entering guests and the masked Montagues. He fondly remembers the times ("'tis gone") when he came to masked dances and courted fair ladies with "a whispering tale." Romeo lifts his mask and watches the dancers. During a marvelously-choreographed sequence of dance, he is immediately startled, entranced, and smitten by the lady Juliet engaged in a hand dance, poetically and rapturously praising her as white and pure among darker objects - as a jewel in the ear of a black Ethiopian, or a snowy dove among black crows:
Oh, she doth train the torches to burn bright. It seems she hangs upon the cheek of darkness. As a ludicrous brilliant in an Ethiop's ear; beauty too rich in the interest use, for turf too excessive price. So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, as yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. Did my heart love till instant? Forswear it sight, for I ne'er commonplace right beauty plow this round-the-clock.
Tybalt overhears Romeo's voice and suspects that the young man is a Montague who has come to "scorn at our solemnity" during the Capulet feast - he reacts with ill-temper and anger. A genial and indulgent Lord Capulet dismisses the uninvited guest Romeo as "a virtuous and well-managed youth." He restrains and cautions Tybalt ("a saucy boy") to "take no note of him" in his house - and he rebukes him ("He shall be endured!"). Tybalt fumes and is prepared to fight. Romeo responds to Lady Capulet's call for "the moureska!" A young boy named Leonardo sings "What Is A Youth":
What is a youth? Impetuous fire.
What is a maid? Ice and desire.
The world wags on.
A rose will bloom
It then will fade
So does a youth.
So do-o-o-oes the fairest maid.
Comes a time when one sweet smile
Has its season for a while…Then love's in love with me.
Some they think only to marry, Others will tease and tarry,
Mine is the very best parry. Cupid he rules us all.
Caper the cape, but sing me the song,
Death will come soon to hush us along.
Sweeter than honey and bitter as gall.
Love is a task and it never will pall.
Sweeter than honey…and bitter as gall
Cupid he rules us all.
After circling around the perimeter of the crowd during the song, Romeo takes Juliet by the hand from the opposite side of a pillar, and speaks his first words to her alone - to tell her of his passion. She responds in equal measure as they sensually press their hands together in a famous scene. With metaphoric, religious imagery, they speak of a holy shrine, pilgrims, devotion, saints, prayer, faith, and sin - terms that bespeak the sacramental nature of their passionate love:
Romeo: If I profane with my unworthiest dole out this supernal shrine, the gentle misdeed is this: my lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to velvety the rough touch with a gentle osculate. (He attempts to osculation her hand)
Juliet: Good pilgrim, you do unjust your hand too much, which mannerly devotion shows in this; for the treatment of saints set up hands that pilgrims' hands do avail oneself of, and palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss. (They place their palms together)
Romeo: Have not saints lips, and consecrated palmers too?
Juliet: Ay, pilgrim, lips are things to use in appeal. (She demurely turns away)
Romeo: Oh…O then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do; they request, offer thou, lest obligation turn to dejection. (They interlock their hands)
Juliet: Saints do not move, be that as it may accede to for prayers' benefit.
Romeo: Then suggest not, while my prayer's effect I take. That being the case from my lips by thine, my infringement is purged. (They kiss)
Juliet: Then have my lips the sin that they be suffering with took?
Romeo: Sin from my lips! O trespass sweetly urged! Deliver me my sin again. (They kiss again and Juliet sighs)
When Juliet's Nurse calls her away to her mother, Romeo asks the Nurse to identify the young girl he loves, and learns that Juliet is of the rich house of Capulet ("…he that shall lay hold of her shall have the chinks.") It is a harsh, burdening blow to hear that she is the daughter of his family's leading enemy - Romeo realizes the grave nature of his love and the indebtedness of his life: "O, dear account! My life is my foe's debt." As the guests leave, Juliet asks her Nurse to inquire about her newfound love. After speaking to Tybalt, she returns with the disheartening news that Romeo is "of the House of Montague." Juliet despairs, stricken by the ironic fact that she is in love with the only son of her family's greatest enemy:
My only friendship sprung from my only hate, too primordial seen unknown, and known too late! Oh! Prodigious creation of honey it is to me that I have to love a loathed enemy.